中华文明探源工程新闻发布会,中华文明探源工程实证了什么

中共中央政治局5月27日下午就深化中华文明探源工程进行第三十九次集体学习。中共中央总书记习近平在主持学习时发表了重要讲话。

On Friday afternoon, Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, presided over the 39th group study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee to further a national research project on tracing the origins of Chinese civilization.

双语君为大家整理了双语金句，一起来学习。

1

中华文明源远流长、博大精深，是中华民族独特的精神标识，是当代中国文化的根基，是维系全世界华人的精神纽带，也是中国文化创新的宝藏。

Chinese civilization is extensive and profound, and has a long history stretching back to antiquity. It is the cultural identity of the Chinese nation, the foundation of the contemporary Chinese culture, the cultural bond holding all Chinese around the globe together, and it is the treasure trove inspiring cultural innovation.

2

对文明起源和形成的探究是一个既复杂又漫长的系统工程，需要把考古探索和文献研究同自然科学技术手段有机结合起来，综合把握物质、精神和社会关系形态等因素，逐步还原文明从涓涓溪流到江河汇流的发展历程。

Tracing the origins of a civilization and research on its formation is a complex, time-consuming, and systematic project. Archaeological exploration and literature research should be combined with tools and methods of natural sciences. Factors including material and cultural conditions and forms of social relations should be comprehensively studied, so as to gradually restore the development path of a civilization from its birth to prosperity.

3

要加强统筹规划和科学布局，坚持多学科、多角度、多层次、全方位，密切考古学和历史学、人文科学和自然科学的联合攻关，拓宽研究时空范围和覆盖领域，进一步回答好中华文明起源、形成、发展的基本图景、内在机制以及各区域文明演进路径等重大问题。

Overall planning and sound arrangements should be strengthened so that experts in archaeology, history, humanity studies, and natural sciences can make joint efforts to make breakthroughs. Endeavor jointly made by different disciplines, from different angles, on different levels, and with different approaches will expand the coverage and range of such studies. As a result, questions will be answered concerning the origins and formation of Chinese civilization, the path of its development, its internal mechanisms, and the evolution paths of all regional civilizations.

4

要把中华文明起源研究同中华文明特质和形态等重大问题研究紧密结合起来，深入研究阐释中华文明起源所昭示的中华民族共同体发展路向和中华民族多元一体演进格局，研究阐释中华文明讲仁爱、重民本、守诚信、崇正义、尚和合、求大同的精神特质和发展形态，阐明中国道路的深厚文化底蕴。

We should link the study on the origins of Chinese civilization with that on other major issues including the features and forms of Chinese civilization and, through the interpretation on the origins of Chinese civilization, we will explore and explain how a sense of community among the Chinese people has been developed and how the Chinese people of all ethnic groups are united in diversity. We should carry out researches on the essential characteristics and the development pattern of Chinese civilization, which features benevolence, emphasis on people’s lives, respect for justice and integrity, righteousness, and universal harmony, and elaborate on the profound cultural resources on which the Chinese path is based.

5

对中华传统文化，要坚持古为今用、推陈出新，继承和弘扬其中的优秀成分。要建立中国特色、中国风格、中国气派的文明研究学科体系、学术体系、话语体系，为人类文明新形态实践提供有力理论支撑。

With regard to traditional Chinese culture, we should make the past serve the present, break new ground from the old, and carry forward its fine elements. We should establish discipline, academic, and discourse systems with Chinese characteristics, style, and flair for the study of civilizations, so as to provide strong theoretical support for new forms of human civilization practice.

6

中华优秀传统文化是中华文明的智慧结晶和精华所在，是中华民族的根和魂，是我们在世界文化激荡中站稳脚跟的根基。

China’s fine traditional culture represents the wisdom and essence of Chinese civilization, is the root and soul of the Chinese nation, and serves as the foundation for China to gain a firm footing amidst global cultural interaction.

7

要讲清楚中国是什么样的文明和什么样的国家，讲清楚中国人的宇宙观、天下观、社会观、道德观，展现中华文明的悠久历史和人文底蕴，促使世界读懂中国、读懂中国人民、读懂中国共产党、读懂中华民族。

We should state clearly what kind of civilization and country China is, and tell clearly about Chinese people’s outlook on the universe, the world, society, and their morality. We need to do whatever we can to exhibit the long history and cultural heritage of Chinese civilization, and encourage the world to better understand China, the Chinese people, the CPC, and the Chinese nation.

8

要让更多文物和文化遗产活起来，营造传承中华文明的浓厚社会氛围。要积极推进文物保护利用和文化遗产保护传承，挖掘文物和文化遗产的多重价值，传播更多承载中华文化、中国精神的价值符号和文化产品。

We should actively promote the protection and utilization of cultural relics and the protection and inheritance of cultural heritage, explore the multiple values of cultural relics and heritage, and promote cultural products and value symbols that embody Chinese culture and spirit.

什么是“中华文明探源工程”？

中国日报记者就中华文明之源这一主题专访了“中华文明探源工程”第一至四阶段项目负责人、执行专家组组长王巍研究员，请他介绍探源工程及成果，并谈一谈对中华文明起源和发展脉络的认识。

▌中华文明探源工程

2002年春，国家科技攻关项目——“中华文明起源与早期发展综合研究”（简称“探源工程”）正式立项。这是一项迄今为止中国规模最大的综合性多学科参与研究人文科学重大问题的国家级研究，到今年整整20周年。

China’s 20 years of comprehensive research tracing the origins of Chinese civilization showcased the 5,000-plus years of brilliance through fruitful achievements and it embraced an interdisciplinary method and a global view, Wang Wei, a researcher with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences said.

这20年间，探源工程在科技部和国家文物局等部门的支持下，在参加工程的近20个学科（几乎涵盖了所有自然科学大的学科）的近400位学者的共同努力下，取得了显著成果。

China’s national-level project to trace the origins of Chinese civilization was launched in 2002, and about 400 scholars across the country in 20 disciplines of natural and social sciences have participated in the project.

▌中华文明绵延不断，多元一体

探源工程围绕公元前3500到公元前1500年期间的浙江余杭良渚、山西襄汾陶寺、陕西神木石峁、河南偃师二里头等四处都邑性遗址和黄河流域、长江流域、辽河流域的其他中心性遗址实施重点发掘，并对这些遗址周边的聚落群开展大规模考古调查，在此基础上开展多学科综合研究。

Wang said four archaeological sites from between 3500 to 1500 BC have been the focus in relevant studies, and other major city ruins from this period along Yangtze, Yellow, and Liaohe rivers were also highlighted in the project.

例如，浙江余杭良渚城址，距今5300年，是长江下游地区首次发现的新石器时代城址。作为环太湖地区的一个区域性早期国家的权力与信仰中心，这里的文明以稻作农业为基础、崇尚玉器，显得熠熠生辉。

Liangzhu site in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, dating back 5,300 years, for example, was a capital-level city ruins of a regional state, where a brilliant rice-growing and jade-worshipping civilization become prosperous.

▲ 以玉琮为代表的精美玉器是良渚文明的见证。摄影：王恺昊/中国日报

山西陶寺遗址和陕西石峁遗址也为解读黄河流域的城市发展、社会甚至早期国家的形成提供了许多关键线索。

Both large-scale Taosi site in Linfen, Shanxi province, and Shimao site in Shenmu, Shaanxi province, also provided many crucial clues to decode urban development as well as forming of complicated societies and even early-stage states along the Yellow River.

▲ 陶寺遗址出土的朱书文字扁壶 临汾市博物馆藏

▲ 陶寺遗址出土的蟠龙纹陶盘 临汾市博物馆藏

▲ 石峁遗址皇城台出土的距今4000年的陶鹰。2020年，石峁遗址入选美国考古学会权威期刊《考古》评选的“过去10年间的世界十大考古发现”。图源：陕西省考古研究院

夏王朝建立后，经过约200年的发展，在河南偃师二里头建造了同时期全国范围内规模最大的都邑，形成择中建都的都城选址，择中立宫和中轴线的宫室布局理念，青铜器和礼器构成礼乐制度，形成王朝气象。

Recent archaeological researches surrounding Erlitou site in Luoyang, Henan province, has showcased it was probably the capital of the Xia Dynasty (c.21st to 16th century BC), the first central dynasty recorded in Chinese history.

▲ 二里头遗址出土的绿松石铜牌所展现的王朝气象体现了中华文明的多元一体。摄影：王恺昊/中国日报

▌中华文明兼收并蓄，开放包容

王巍表示，这项研究极大地促进了我们对中华文明特征的理解。中华文明的发展是连续的，它的起源是多元的，并且互相联系，形成早期中华文化圈，在不断交融中其主流趋势是周围地区的先进文化因素向中原地区汇聚，而中原王朝在建立之后引领了一体化的进程。这便是中华文明多元一体的特点。

“The research has greatly contributed to our understanding of characteristics of Chinese civilization,” Wang told China Daily. “Its development has been continuous, and various roots of our civilization were linked with and frequently exchanged with other. They gradually formed a shared community.”

他还指出，中华文明的包容性可以在研究中得到体现。例如，起源于西亚的小麦种植、黄牛的养殖和冶金术，在4500多年前被引入中原地区。青铜器经过发展也成为了中华礼仪制度的见证。而中华文明也向世界做出了自己的贡献，如粟、黍的种植等。

He also pointed out the inclusiveness of Chinese civilization can be demonstrated in the research. For example, cultivation of wheat, breeding of cattle, and metallurgy, which were all originated in West Asia, were introduced into Central China Plains more than 4,500 years ago. China then developed its own brilliant ceremonial civilization with bronze wares. And China also contributed some key cultural elements, such as cultivation of millet, to the rest of the world.

王巍表示，探源研究也希望吸收外国的学者来参加，使中华文明的研究成为世界文明研究的重要课题。要加强中华文明和其他世界重要文明的比较研究，比较它们共同点和差异点，共性和个性。

“Our current comparative studies involving early-stage Chinese civilization and its counterpart worldwide through field research are still insufficient, but fast development of Sino-foreign archaeological programs can largely enrich our knowledge in the field.

“We welcome overseas scholars to join our upcoming research in the project and thus usher our studies of ancient Chinese civilization to be a crucial part of general studies of world civilization,” he said.

▌文明认定的标准

长期以来，学术界一直以“三要素”——冶金术、文字和城市作为进入文明社会的标志。西方学界一般依据这个标准，以甲骨文的出现作为中华文明起源标志，即认为中华文明起源于商代晚期的殷墟，距今仅有约3300年的历史。

Among Western scholars, appearance of metallurgy, written characters, and cities, were long considered to be three indispensable elements to define a civilization. Following their criteria, the earliest Chinese civilization only appeared around 3,300 years ago starting from Yinxu Ruins in Henan province, where the oracle bone inscriptions were discovered.

▲ 殷墟甲骨 图源：国家图书馆

探源工程实施期间，研究员们对世界几大原生文明进行了分析，发现它们并非都符合“三要素”标准。如中美洲的玛雅文明并未掌握冶金术，南美洲的印加文明尚未发现文字。所谓文明“三要素”，主要是从古埃及文明和两河流域文明提取出来的“标准”，并不是放之四海而皆准。

According to Wang, those criteria largely based on recent centuries’ research on Mesopotamian and ancient Egyptian civilizations are not ubiquitous. For instance, in American continent, metallurgy was absent in Maya civilization and Inca lacked a writing system.

“But, apparently, they cannot be ruled out as most important ancient civilizations in the world,” Wang explained. “Based on our studies, Chinese scholars thus made our own definition for civilization, which may suit more civilizations in the world.”

▲ 来自秘鲁的印加帝国陶罐，2021年于首都博物馆展出。摄影：王恺昊/中国日报

所以探源工程就根据历史唯物主义的观点，提出了进入文明社会的标准。如：随着农业显著发展与人口增加、出现城市；手工业技术显著进步，专业化进一步发展，被权贵阶层所掌控；社会分化程度加深、出现阶级；随着权力不断的强化而形成的金字塔式的社会结构，出现王权和国家。国家的出现是文明社会的标志。虽然有些文明并没有出现文字，但国家的出现发展从考古上是可以辨识出来的。随着文明的产生，大型的都邑、宫殿神庙和礼器等也会出现。

In his opinion, key indicators defining a civilization can include highly development agriculture, great achievement of handicraft industry controlled by aristocrats, within which metallurgy was only one form, a pyramidal social structure with high-level division of classes, usually marked by ritual system, strengthening kingship leading to forming of capital city-level metropolises, and so on.

王巍表示，提出这个标准是符合世界各个文明的，现在的任务就是要在国际学术界更多地宣传。该方案基于中国的材料也兼顾了世界其他文明。比如说，良渚就完全符合这些进入文明社会的标准。良渚遗址申遗成功表明我们的文明认定标准在国际学术界也逐渐得到认可。因为良渚成功申遗的理由就是它向我们展示了一个以稻作农业为基础、存在社会分化和统一信仰体系的早期国家形态，证明长江流域对中国文明的起源做出的贡献。

In 2019, Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

“Its inscription also showed that the Chinese definition of civilization is being gradually recognized by more and more scholars in the world,” he said.

记者：王恺昊来源：新华社 中国日报