In the Spring and Autumn period more than 2,500 years ago, Confucius established the gentlemanly status of orchids. Since then, orchids have been respected and sought-after by all generations of literati and painters. Orchids are also listed among China’s top ten flowers. Together with the plum blossom, bamboo and chrysanthemum, they are known as the “four gentlemen.”
2500多年前的春秋时期，孔子从精神层面确立了兰花的君子地位，自此，兰花受到历代文人画家的敬仰和追捧，寄托着中国人的审美志趣，兰花也被列为中国十大名花之一，与梅、竹、菊并称四君子。
Today, more than 2,500 years later, in a small village in Baiyu community on Haikou Street, Xishan district, Kunming, Zhang Yu, who does not have a scientific background, has invested more than ten million yuan to build a kingdom covering more than 20 mu and has collected more than 1,500 kinds of orchids at home and abroad. Zhang Yu has devoted half of his life to this hobby and has never thought about making a profit. Nearly 50 years old, he still has a clear vision: to build the largest orchid museum in not just China but also Southeast Asia. He also wants to build the most authoritative orchid website, creating a new calling card for Kunming and contributing to the protection of orchids.
2500多年后的今天，在昆明市西山区海口街道白鱼社区的一个小村子里，非科班出身的张煜前后投入1000多万元，建了一座占地20余亩、收集了国内外1500多种兰科植物的王国。因为爱好、出走半生，倾力投入、不计回报，年近50的张煜有着清晰的愿景：建成中国乃至东南亚最大的兰科植物博物馆，搭建最权威的兰科植物网站，使之成为昆明的一张名片，为兰科植物保护作出贡献。
“The orchid grows deep in the forest and continues to emit its fragrance, even if no one is there to appreciate it. Likewise, a gentleman cultivates his body and mind and does not change his moral character, even if he is born into poverty.”
“芝兰生于深林，不以无人而不芳。君子修道立德，不谓穷困而改节。”
Having traversed various waypoints throughout history, Zhang Yu, together with many of his predecessors, has gone through a firm and unrepentant life accompanying orchids.
在历史长河的不同节点上，张煜和众多先贤一道，以兰悟道，走过坚定而不悔的人生。
Zhang Yu takes good care of each orchid. By Du Wenlei
张煜精心照料着每一株兰花。杜文蕾摄
门外汉“入坑”
A Layman’s Obsession
Yunnan Yelantang Biotechnology Company, hidden in a residential area in Xiaoheiqiao village, is half an hour from downtown Kunming. In spring, Kunming is warm and bright. Zhang walks through a yard full of begonias and pear blossoms and jumps into a seven-mu greenhouse. Its hot and humid air is mixed with a musty smell. The temperature inside, reaching almost 30°C is the orchids’ preferred environment. The worlds inside and outside of the greenhouse are totally different. Zhang, fully satisfied as a farmer, looks carefully at how each orchid grows and observes which one has just blossomed and which one needs watering. He is like a “nanny,” tending to millions of pots of orchids.
在距离昆明主城区半小时车程的小黑桥村，云南野兰堂生物科技有限公司隐藏在一片民房里。春季的昆明温暖明亮，张煜穿过开满海棠和梨花的院子，一头钻进一个7亩大棚，闷热潮湿的空气夹杂着幽远的兰香迎面而来，接近30度的气温和棚外判若两个世界，这是兰花最喜欢的环境。张煜化身老农，躬身察看每棵兰花的长势。哪棵刚开过花、哪棵需要浇水……他是上百万盆（丛）兰花的贴身“保姆”。
Orchid structures are observed before dissection. By Du Wenlei
解剖前观察兰花结构。杜文蕾摄
Since renting this plot of land in 2013, the company has collected more than 1,500 species of orchids, including nearly 800 species native to Yunnan and nearly 100 species from Southeast Asia. “It’s basically the largest orchid base in China at present.” Zhang is proud of the orchid “kingdom” that he has established. Apart from providing resources to scientific research institutions, however, he seldom sells his flowers to the public market. “Why should I sell the many varieties that I’ve worked so hard to find?”
从2013年租下这片地到如今，公司已经收集了1500余种兰科植物，其中云南原生种近800种，东南亚种近百种。“基本上是国内目前最大的兰花基地。”面对自己一手建立的兰花“王国”，他十分自豪，然而，除了给科研机构提供资源支撑，他很少对外售卖。“我辛辛苦苦找来的品种，为什么要卖掉呢？”
Because of his reluctance to sell, the company has not been profitable. Instead, he has invested more than ten million yuan since he set out on his cause. “If I had known that I would have invested more than ten million yuan, I wouldn’t have gotten started,” he says with a worldly look rarely seen from an enthusiast’s face.
因为惜售，公司不仅没有盈利，反而前前后后投进1000多万元。“如果当初知道要投入1000多万，我不会干这个事情。”说这句话的时候，张煜露出一个狂热爱好者少有的烟火面孔。
How did he fall into this “trap”? As a graduate of electrical design and manufacturing in his 20s, he was an ordinary fan of boat orchids. He bought some on a business trip and planted them on his balcony. Around 2000, having developed a deeper understanding of dendrobium orchids, he was no longer satisfied with growing them on his balcony, so he built a small orchid garden on the roof of his sixth-floor apartment. For many years to follow, orchids became increasingly important to him. He would make money, quit his job, go to the mountains to look for orchids — and then look for a new job, quit and go back to the mountains, ad infinitum. This all continued until one day in 2013 when he finally decided to throw himself into collecting orchids. At the time, there just so happened to be this base on the west bank of Dianchi Lake.
他是怎么一步一步“上套”的呢？20多岁时，学电器设计与制造出身的他还只是一名普通的国兰爱好者，出差买几盆、阳台上栽几棵；2000年左右，随着对石斛兰的了解加深，他不再满足于阳台上的小打小闹，在自家6楼房顶建了个小兰苑；此后很多年，兰花在他的生活中占据了越来越重的分量，赚钱、辞职、上山寻兰，再找工作、再辞职、再上山，如此循环往复；2013年的一天，他决定要沉下心来专门收集兰花，便有了滇池西岸这片基地。
At first, he only planned to spend hundreds of thousands of yuan to build a base to satisfy his dream, but the graceful orchid was like a bottomless-pit of irresistible charm, causing him to continuously invest money in the base. After signing a rental agreement, it was time to build a shed. When the shed was built, it was time to build a flower rack. When the rack was built, it was necessary to build a pool. On top of all this, there were inevitable labor and maintenance costs, along with other investments such as the continuous introduction of new varieties and seedlings. In less than eight years, Zhang poured ten million yuan of his funds into this “pit,” half of which is debt.
起初，他只打算花几十万建个基地玩一玩，但风姿绰约的兰花像一口迷人的井，引领他不断投入。地租好了要盖棚，棚盖好了要搭花架，架子搭好要建水池，以及不可避免的人工、维护成本，不断地引种、买苗，不到8年，1000万陆陆续续“入坑”，其中近半是负债。
Zhang says, “The craftsman spirit forces one to extremes, just like a paranoid person might behave.” Hearing him speak like this, you know that even if he were to go back eight years into the past, he would still unequivocally embark on this path once again.
“像一个偏执狂一样，在一个方向上做到极致，这就是工匠精神。”听到他说这样的话，你知道，回到8年前，他还是会义无反顾踏上这条路。
少有人走的路
A Rare Path
From a layman to a guide who can provide ideas and methods to many scientific researchers, Zhang relies on his spirit of craftsmanship.
从一个门外汉到如今能给很多科研工作者提供思路和方法，他正是靠的这种工匠精神。
Zhang is a reader. His bookshelf is filled with all kinds of books that appear to have nothing to do with orchids. But in fact, every book is a compass that has guided him into the mountains and revealed the hidden locations of orchids. The Plants of the Dulong River Area told him which species of orchids can be found near the Dulong River, and The Gesneriaceae in China guided him during his search for orchids, since the two flowers share similar distributions. A complete set of The Natural Scenery and Customs of Yunnan helped him find traces of orchids based on local customs and cultures. The Pharmacy of the Yi Ethnic Group in China and The Pharmacy of the Zhuang Ethnic Group in China led him to discover the medicinal properties of orchids from the wisdom of ethnic medicine. Also, reference books, such as a Chinese–Vietnamese Dictionary and Botanical Latin, remained by his side at all times, as they helped him explore the more distant places where orchids grow.
看书。张煜的书架上满满当当摆着各种门类的书，看似与兰花无关，其实每一本都是他奔走大山的指南针，藏着抵达兰花幽隐之地的密码。《独龙江地区植物》告诉他独龙江有哪些兰科植物，《中国苦苣苔科植物》指引他根据相似生境摸索兰科植物的分布，全套的《云南风物志》让他从各地风俗文化中寻找兰科植物的蛛丝马迹，《中国彝族药学》《中国壮药学》带领他从民族医学智慧中发现兰科植物的药用价值，中越词典、《植物学拉丁文》等更是不能离手的工具书，将他的目光引向更远的兰花生长之地。
Zhang is also a mountain climber and is proud of his several talents: His good sense of direction helps him avoid getting lost in the mountains. His good eyesight means that he can spot a tiny orchid from a long distance. And his physical strength has helped him travel to nearly all counties and cities in Yunnan province over the years. He has also explored a set of unique methods to find specimens: First, he determines the approximate location of a species based on historical data. Then, he infers its current location based on an old map, after which visits the site, takes photos of the original habitat and flower anatomies, collects specimens as the circumstances permit and brings the species back to his base. He also has his own principles for collecting plants. Zhang does not pick plants that grow high, because their seeds could be spread far away. And he does not pick fruiting plants, because that would destroy their ability to reproduce. Zhang’s abundant field experience and knowledge have made him a guide for many scientific researchers inside and outside of the province. His cooperation with scientific research institutions has also made Zhang Yu increasingly professional. Upon inspecting Zhang’s base, one staff member of the Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen jokes, “He’s becoming increasingly academic.”
上山。张煜倍感自豪的是自己的几大先天优势：方向感好，上山不会迷路；眼睛好，能从很远的地方一眼看到一株很小的兰花；体力好，数年来几乎跑遍了云南所有县（市）区。他还摸索出一套独特的标本寻找方法：根据历史资料确定一个种属的大致位置，寻找老地图，根据老地图推断如今在什么地方，然后实地走访，拍下原生镜、花的解剖图，根据情况采集标本、引种回来。采集植物他也有自己的原则：长得高的不采，种子播撒得远；正在结果的不采，不破坏植物繁衍。丰富的野外经验和知识让他成为省内外众多科研工作者的向导，与科研机构的合作也让张煜越来越专业。“他现在已经越来越偏学术了。”正在基地考察的深圳市兰科植物保护研究中心工作人员打趣道。
麻栗坡兜兰。杜文蕾摄
Zhang has also studied minority languages — one of the more unexpected skills that he has obtained throughout his pursuit of orchids. A few years ago, to explore the orchid gardens of Vietnam, Zhang set out with a dictionary and zero ability in Vietnamese. The translator that he invited could only handle daily communication, so he had to look up the professional plant vocabulary by himself. In desperation, he bought a language program on a CD, picked up a pen and paper, and learned Vietnamese. In addition, Zhang has also learned some rudimentary English, Thai and Latin.
学小语种。这是张煜追寻兰花路上意外收获的技能之一。几年前，为了探寻越南的兰苑，对越南语一窍不通的他带着一本字典就出发了。然而，请的翻译只能应付日常交流，专业的植物类词汇还得靠他自己查，无奈，他买了碟片、拿起纸笔学起了越南语。除此之外，他收获的还有基本够用的英语、泰语、拉丁语。
Not everything, however, has progressed smoothly. In 2016, rare low temperatures and snowy weather in Kunming caused heavy losses at Zhang’s base. After one particular heavy snowfall, Zhang thought that the snow would clear, but the next day, a layer of white frost had risen up from the ground, and 90 percent of his orchids had frozen to death. “This really taught me what ‘one disaster after another’ is like!” What drove him to despair was not the financial loss of nearly a million yuan but the loss of species that would never return.
一切并非一帆风顺。2016年，昆明罕见的低温雨雪天气让基地遭受了惨重的损失。一场大雪过后，他以为天就要放晴了，结果第二天地上起了一层白霜，兰花冻死了90%。“这让我真正理解了什么叫雪上加霜！”让他绝望的不是近百万的经济损失，而是失去了再也回不来的物种。
No matter whether it is windy or rainy or whether he must climb mountains or wade through rivers, Zhang is committed to this unique path in search of orchids.
不论刮风下雨，不管山高水低，为了追寻兰科植物的脚步，他走上了这条少有人走的路。
被时间筛选出来的人
People Screened by Time
This is, indeed, a lonely path. Fortunately, Zhang has found others on the same frequency.
幸运的是，这条冷清的路上，他找到了同行的人。
On the web page at chineseorchids.com, more than 500 kinds of orchids are classified for visitors to search through. The descriptions and pictures of species, places of origin, flowering patterns, stems, leaves and flowers are easy to understand. Compared with reading chunky materials and conjuring up mental images via imagination, this website is a godsend for plant lovers. It is an achievement of the Yelantang network platform. The title of the site is prefixed with “Chinese” because it is confident and proud that it provides information to the domestic internet with its vivid and comprehensive collection and collation of orchids.
打开“中国兰科植物网”，500多种兰科植物分门别类供来访者检索，分类、产地、花期、茎叶花的描述及图片一目了然，比起翻阅大部头的资料、靠想象将文字还原成图片，这样的网站极大方便了植物爱好者。它是野兰堂网络平台建设的成果。敢以国字头命名，底气来自它填补了国内网站对兰科植物专门的、图文并具的收录整理空白。
张泽正在对一朵兰花进行解剖。杜文蕾摄
Zhang Ze, a “fellow traveler,” is in charge of this work. Describing an orchid, from pictures of the flower to written information, requires a series of complex tasks such as dissection, photography, analysis, species identification and data sorting. The person responsible for this must be professional and sufficiently patient. If Zhang Yu, who climbs mountains and wades through rivers in search of resources, is the “man responsible for fieldwork,” then Zhang Ze, who works about 13 or 14 hours every day on the website, is the “man responsible for office work.”
负责这项工作的是“同行者”张泽。从一朵花到成型的图文介绍，要经过解剖、拍照、分析、确种、整理资料等一系列庞杂的工作，不仅要有一定的专业素养，更要有足够的耐心。如果说跋山涉水找寻资源的张煜是“主外”，每天伏案十三四个小时负责网站建设的张泽则是“主内”。
Zhang Ze, who used to be a math teacher, has a unique personality. He likes to take his work seriously. To identify a species, he will read Flora of China and compare the plant with relevant information in the book, word by word. This is precisely the quality of character needed for classical taxonomy. Waiting for flowers to bloom is the poetic part of his work. When he waters flowers in the morning, he will pick some newly-blossomed flowers, dissect specimens in the afternoon, take photos and collate materials in the evening. “The day I dissect the flower is the day I must upload its data. No matter how late it is, I will complete the task. I won’t leave this for another day.” This is the “rule” that he follows. In April and May, when most flowers bloom, Zhang Ze races against time.
曾经当过数学老师的张泽最大的特点就是较真。为了确种，他能拿着《中国植物志》一个字一个字和植物进行对比，而这正是经典分类学需要的品质。静待花开是他工作中诗意的一部分，上午浇水时，他会采下新开的花朵，下午解剖标本、拍照，晚上整理资料。“当天解剖的必须当天完成资料上传，不论干到几点，不能积压。”这是他给自己定的“规矩”，开花最多的四五月份，他要和时间赛跑。
The classification of species requires exclusion, screening and finalization based on tiny details. Zhang Ze and Zhang Yu have similarly been screened by time on their path of searching for and identifying orchids.
植物分类需要根据细小的特征不断排除、筛选，最后确种。张泽和张煜也是在追寻兰科植物的道路上被时间筛选出来的人。
当铁轨上垫脚的螺丝钉
A Screw in the Rails
Dong Biwu once said, “Orchids have four qualities: their delicate fragrance, their plain color, their unfolding leaves and their charming elegance.”
董必武曾说：“兰有四清，气清、色清、姿清、韵清。”
The orchid family (Orchidaceae) is the second largest family of flowering plants in the world. People adore these flowers for their graceful postures, numerous colors, varied forms and refreshing fragrance. Yunnan province, which boasts an amazing variety of land forms and wonderful climates, is home to the most diverse orchid genera and species in China. Of the more than 1,700 orchid species distributed in China, approximately two-thirds are cultivated in Yunnan — over 1,200 species. Also, due to its geographical proximity to Southeast Asia, Yunnan’s distribution of these species is continuous with that of the region.
兰科植物是世界上第二大植物家族，以其丰富的形态、多彩的色泽、变化多端的植株、沁人心脾的气味广受人们喜爱。云南因其多样的地貌和优越的气候条件，兰科属种丰富度居全国之首，中国有兰科植物1700余种，云南就有1200余种，约占了三分之二，同时由于与东南亚地缘相近，物种分布具有连续性。
Zhang Yu (second from the right) and his friend conduct an inspection in a field. File photo
张煜（右二）和朋友一起野外考察。资料图
“We hope to collect as many orchid resources as possible and build our province into the largest platform for orchid cultivation in not just China but also Southeast Asia. We hope to make orchids the calling card of Yunnan while also providing resources to scientific research institutions.” With his in-depth contact with professionals, Zhang Yu has increasingly concrete goals.
“希望能尽可能多地收集兰科植物资源，将这里建成中国乃至东南亚最大的兰科植物平台，成为云南的一张名片，同时为科研机构提供资源支撑。”随着与专业人士的深度接触，张煜的目标越来越明确。
Yunnan Yelantang Biotechnology Company has made positive contributions to the breeding and return of paphiopedilum bungeanum since 2017, when it became Yunnan University’s experimental base for conservation, teaching and research related to orchid plant resources. In addition, the company has provided continuous resource support for the dendrobium research team of Yunnan Agricultural University. It has cooperated with Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden through the repeat observation and scientific introduction of new varieties, and it has introduced new varieties to scientific research institutions in and out of the province. “For scientific researchers, time is precious and limited. This platform can provide them with systematic resources and prevent the wasting of time and resources caused by haphazard collection, thus extending their scientific research lives. Additionally, it can reduce the loss of resources caused by poor management after scientific research has concluded.” According to Zhang Yu, this is one way for them to protect the species. They can also carry out the ex situ protection and return of the species when their natural habitats have been destroyed. Finally, large-scale displays and the popularization of orchids can be organized to arouse the attention of ordinary people, thus mobilizing them to participate in the protection of these species.
2017年，野兰堂成为云南大学兰科植物种质资源保存及教学科研试验基地，并为白旗兜兰的育苗和回归作出积极贡献。同时，为云南农业大学石斛研究团队提供持续资源支撑，配合上海辰山植物园进行系列考察和科学引种，完成省内外科研机构的引种任务……“每个科研人员的时间都是宝贵且有限的，这样的平台能为他们提供成体系的资源，避免分散采集造成的时间和资源浪费，延长了他们的科研生命，同时避免科研结束后管护不周造成的资源损耗。”在张煜看来，这是他们在物种保护上能做的一方面，另一方面，对原生地遭到破坏的物种进行迁地保护，以期回归，同时，通过规模化的兰花展示和普及，让更多普通人参与到保护中来。
“History always calls on people to take on specific roles. If we can’t be the trains, then let’s be the screws holding down the rails.” This is what has encouraged Zhang Yu in his support of this slice of history.
“历史的发展总要有人做最具体的事情，我们当不了火车头，就当铁轨上垫脚的螺丝钉吧。”能成为一段历史的支撑者，是张煜对自己的勉励。
“Let it come and go as it may. Nonetheless, whatever I do, I do for it.”
“它要来时且由它，它要去时亦由它。它来它去亦无它，它是它来我无它。”
On the wall behind Zhang Yu’s desk hangs a piece of Chinese calligraphy. It expresses his “orchid wisdom” — his way of working with orchids, day and night.
张煜工作台背面的墙上挂着一幅书法作品，这是他与兰花日日无声的相处中悟出的“兰道”。
责编：农天琴
编审：周健军
终审：钱红兵
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